Below is the consonant inventory of Cainye; the vowel inventory is a simple five-vowel system of /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/, though there are dipthongs and significant vowel reduction.
Consonant Inventory | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ (gn) | ŋ (ng) | |
Plosive | p b | t d | k g | ||
Fricative | s | ɕ (x) | |||
Affricate | t͡s (c) t͡sʰ (z) | t͡ɕ (j) t͡ɕʰ (q) | |||
Approximant | w | l | |||
Trill | r |
Vowel reduction only happens for syllables with final nasals, and intial /l/. /a/, /e/, /o/, and /u/ are reduced to /ə/, while /i/ is reduced to /ɪ/.
Cainye is a tonal language.
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|
˥ | ˧˥ | ˩˧ | ˥˧ | ˧ |
High | Mid-rising | Low-rising | High-falling | Mid |
ā | á | â | à | a |
Descriptions of the five tones (excluding the fifth, middle tone, which does not have a diacritic and is as you'd expect, basically not a tone):
High: at the highest, or near-highest, comfortable pitch in the speaker's vocal range. It is orthographically represented by a macron diacritic: ⟨ ◌̄ ⟩. It also may be represented by doubling the vowel, or first vowel in a dipthong, like so: yīng / yiing.
Mid-Rising: starting at the mid-tone, or middle, otherwise normal speaking pitch, and subseuently rising to the high pitch. It is orthographically represented by an acute diacritic: ⟨ ◌́ ⟩
Low-rising: starting at lowest, or near-lowest, comfortable pitch in the speaker's vocal range, then rising to the mid-tone. It is orthographically represented by a circumflex diacritic: ⟨ ◌̂ ⟩
High-falling: or just the "falling tone", starts at the high tone, then falls to the mid-tone. It is orthographically represented by a grave diacritic: ⟨ ◌̀ ⟩